Intercomparison of Mechanical Transplanted Rice and Direct Seeded Rice in Climate Change Resilient for Improving Crop-Water Productivity and Soil Health in North West IGP: A Review

Climate change is a major issue facing humanity, and the most common method for growing rice manual puddled transplanted (PTR). Direct-seeded (DSR) becoming increasingly popular due to its reduced methane emissions labour costs. However, there are drawbacks this transition, such as an increase in weeds, herbicide resistance, nitrous oxide emissions, nutritional disorders, soil-borne diseases. To reduce these issues, appropriate weed, water, fertilizer management practices should be applied. Chemical biotechnological methods, herbicide-resistant more competitive allelopathic variants, will required sustainable production. The development of site- soil-specific integrated packages adoption DSR decrease negative effects PTR on environment.